Insights

Merger consent orders are back at the FTC, and the FTC’s most recent action showcases how the current leadership is analyzing divestiture proposals. Last week, the FTC approved a proposed consent agreement in Alimentation Couche-Tard Inc.’s (ACT) acquisition of retail fuel outlets from Giant Eagle, Inc. that paired standard retail divestitures with a “prior notice” requirement that ACT notify the agency of future acquisitions in certain markets regardless of size. This FTC has signaled greater acceptance of remedies than the prior administration, and this most recent consent puts that on display, with Commissioner Meador providing merging parties guidance on designing effective remedies.

Growing focus on antitrust enforcement at the federal level in recent years has been accompanied by a similar trend at the state level. Notably, multiple states have enacted or are considering enacting various legislative or regulatory changes that would create new regulatory requirements for businesses and make antitrust suits significantly easier for state attorneys general and private plaintiffs. These include new pre-transaction notice requirements, as well as the expansion of existing state antitrust statutes to cover more types of conduct while shifting the burden and expense of litigation from plaintiffs to defendants. In several cases, states have expressed a clear intent to increase enforcement related to the private equity and healthcare industries specifically.

Federal Trade Commission Chair Andrew Ferguson announced on February 24, 2025, that the FTC will create the agency’s “first-ever” labor task force, signaling the agency’s continued focus on competition in labor markets, answering an open question from companies as to the fate of the agency’s no-poach and non-compete enforcement priorities. On February 26 Chair Ferguson followed up on his announcement with a Directive Regarding Labor Markets Task Force, providing additional details on the task force and the agency’s priorities.

Over the last year, the California Law Revision Commission (“CLRC”), the influential body that makes recommendations to the legislature, has been considering sweeping reforms to California’s antitrust law, the Cartwright Act. Recently, the CLRC voted to propose several changes to the Cartwright Act aimed at expanding the reach and scope of the law. Companies doing business in California should pay close attention to this ongoing process because of the potentially dramatic impact such new state laws could have, including increased exposure to antitrust litigation. Crowell & Moring is representing the California Chamber of Commerce (“CalChamber”) in monitoring, analyzing and responding to the CLRC’s recommendations.

The pending overhaul of the Hart-Scott-Rodino (HSR) rules faces a new challenge. Published in the Federal Register in November, the final HSR modifications were set to become effective on February 10, but late last week the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, a local Chamber chapter, the Business Roundtable, and the American Investment Counsel filed a complaint seeking to block their implementation. While the complaint does not seek a temporary restraining order or a preliminary injunction, the case further highlights the expanded regulations and additional burden the agencies are seeking to impose on merging parties, and places a spotlight on the issue as the Trump Administration prepares to take control of the antitrust agencies.

The Federal Trade Commission voted unanimously to pass a final rule implementing significant changes to the premerger notification regime under the Hart-Scott-Rodino (HSR) Act. The Department of Justice concurred with the vote. The final rule significantly reins back the agency’s proposed rule issued in June 2023—a proposal that would have imposed substantial new burdens on merging parties and prompted widespread criticism. The final rule is still the most significant overhaul of the HSR premerger notification requirements in decades, and the new requirements will impose additional time and expense on merging parties, some of which can be mitigated by putting processes in place in advance.

The Federal Trade Commission announced its annual updates to the thresholds and filing fees related to the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976 (the HSR Act) on Monday. These dollar thresholds are indexed annually based on changes in the U.S. gross national product and the Consumer Price Index.

On July 1, 2023, the European Commission’s revised Guidelines on Horizontal Cooperation Agreements entered into force (see our previous alert for a comprehensive overview of the new rules, including the new horizontal block exemption regulations).

After more than two years of preview and consultation, including thousands of public comments, the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission issued the final version of their 2023 Merger Guidelines (“Guidelines”) yesterday, December 18, 2023. As we noted when the draft guidelines were released in July, the final Guidelines both harken back to older, long-standing precedent and provide a framework for how the Agencies apply merger enforcement policy in modern economic markets. The Guidelines hold fast to the Biden administration’s enforcement policy to address harms from what they perceive to be “excessive” corporate consolidation by reinvigorating and enhancing merger enforcement. Yet, the final Guidelines show that the Agencies have responded to at least some of the criticism of the draft version, and may be more likely to align with how courts currently analyze merger challenges.

This week, the Federal Trade Commission announced a massive overhaul of the Hart-Scott-Rodino (HSR) Act’s rules and instructions for premerger filings to the U.S. antitrust agencies. The proposed rule represents the most significant revisions to the HSR process since its inception in 1976, vastly expanding the scope of information required to be submitted by parties. The proposed rules would impose significant additional substantive and procedural burdens, substantially increase the time and cost to prepare filings, and raise critical strategic questions for filing parties.

On January 31, 2023, U.S. District Court Judge Edward Davila (N.D.Cal.) denied the request of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) for a preliminary injunction to halt Meta’s acquisition of virtual reality (VR) fitness app developer Within.  Because Meta does not compete in the VR dedicated fitness app business, the litigation was a rare example of how a court assesses the “actual” and “perceived” potential competition theories of harm.  Although the court upheld the FTC’s market definition, claims of a highly concentrated market, and the validity of these potential competition theories, the court ultimately held that the FTC failed to demonstrate it was “reasonably probable” Meta would have entered the VR dedicated fitness app business without the Within acquisition, or that VR dedicated fitness app developers’ perception of Meta as a potential entrant had a direct effect on tempering anticompetitive conduct in that market. 

On November 1, 2019, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) issued a unanimous opinion unwinding the consummated acquisition of Freedom Innovations by Otto Bock HealthCare. Although the case involves prosthetic knees, the case offers several important lessons for companies within and outside the health care sector contemplating mergers, particularly companies where innovation is a key aspect of competition.

Last week the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit affirmed the district court’s issuance of a permanent injunction, effectively blocking the merger of Anthem and Cigna. While the D.C. Circuit ultimately rejected Anthem’s arguments on factual grounds, it also went out of its way to question the legal foundations of the efficiency defense. On Friday, May 5, Anthem announced it will ask for Supreme Court review of the D.C. Circuit’s decision, making this case important for antitrust practitioners and companies defending their deals before the agencies and courts.  

On January 19, the Federal Trade Commission announced that it will increase the jurisdictional thresholds applicable to both the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976 (the HSR Act) and Section 8 of the Clayton Act. These dollar thresholds are indexed annually based on changes in the U.S. gross national product.

Crowell & Moring LLP is pleased to release its "2015 Antitrust M&A Year in Review." Following a record-breaking year for volume of transactions, this publication provides insight and analysis into developments and trends in global antitrust enforcement of mergers and acquisitions. We examine the antitrust agencies' increasing focus on protecting innovation and emerging forms of competition, requiring broader remedies and more competitive divestiture buyers, and highly scrutinizing transactions in markets where prior consolidation was not challenged. We also look at the agencies' increasing willingness to challenge transactions through litigation, and their relatively successful recent track record.

The Delaware State Bar Association has proposed an amendment to the Delaware General Corporation Law (DGCL) that is intended to streamline the process for completing tender offers and could lead to an increase in the use of the tender offer structure over long-form mergers. If adopted as proposed, the amendment will apply to merger agreements entered into on or after August 1, 2013.

The Federal Trade Commission announced today that it would increase the jurisdictional thresholds applicable to both the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976 (the "HSR Act") and Section 8 of the Clayton Act. These dollar thresholds are indexed annually based on changes in the U.S. gross national product.

Merger control is now mandatory, and suspensory, in India.  Effective June 1, 2011, all transactions meeting the notification thresholds require filing with, and approval from, the Competition Commission of India ("CCI").  Parties to these transactions will have to suspend closing prior to receiving approval. The CCI in May 2011 issued the Competition Commission of India (Procedure in regard to the transaction of business relating to combinations) Regulations, 2011 ("Regulations").  A copy of the Regulations can be downloaded at the bottom of this page.