Insights

The classification of “independent contractors versus employees” – a political football that has undergone many iterations as the White House switched between political parties – has again changed hands. The U.S. Department of Labor (“DOL”) has now introduced new guidance, consistent with earlier Republican iterations, while rejecting the 2024 Democratic formulation. It remains to be seen whether the courts will give DOL much deference in this area.

Effective January 1, 2026, H.B. 3773 amends Article 5, Section 2 of the Illinois Human Rights Act to explicitly prohibit employers from using artificial intelligence (“AI”) for a broad swath of employment decisions, including recruitment, hiring, promotion, renewal of employment, selection for training or apprenticeship, discharge, discipline, tenure, or the terms, privileges, or conditions of employment, if such use has the effect of subjecting employees to discrimination on the basis of a protected class.  The amendment also prohibits employers from using zip code as a proxy for protected classes.  H.B. 3773 further provides that employers will be required to provide notice to employees prior to using AI for such employment-related purposes.  The law applies to any employers employing one or more employees within Illinois during 20 or more calendar weeks during the calendar year. 

On May 17, 2024, Colorado Governor Jared Polis signed S.B. 24-205, Consumer Protections for Artificial Intelligence, the first state law in the country to regulate employers’ use of artificial intelligence in employment decisions.  This law regulates both companies that develop and companies that deploy “high-risk” artificial intelligence systems (“AI systems”).  In particular, the law sets forth a set of provisions designed to ensure that developers and deployers use “reasonable care” to protect consumers from any “known or reasonably foreseeable risks to algorithmic discrimination” arising from the use of the AI system.  The law then creates a rebuttable presumption, for both deployers and developers, that reasonable care was used if they meet specific requirements and disclose key information about high-risk AI systems.  This law will be enforced by the Colorado Attorney General, and a violation of the law constitutes an unfair trade practice.  The law becomes effective on February 1, 2026.

Now more than ever, federal contractors find themselves at the intersection of innovation and regulation, particularly in the realm of Artificial Intelligence (AI).  AI is now incorporated into a broad range of business systems, including those with the potential to inform contractor employment decisions.  For that reason, the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP) has issued new guidance entitled “Artificial Intelligence and Equal Employment Opportunity for Federal Contractors” (the “AI Guide”).  OFCCP issued the AI Guide in accordance with President Biden’s Executive Order 14110 (regarding the “Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence”), which we reported on here.  The AI Guide provides answers to commonly asked questions about the use of AI in the Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) context.  The AI Guide also offers “Promising Practices,” which highlight a number of important considerations for federal contractors.  Focusing on federal contractors’ obligations and attendant risks when utilizing AI to assist in employment-related decisions, the AI Guide also provides recommendations for ensuring compliance with EEO requirements while harnessing the efficiencies of AI.

On March 1, 2024, the New York City Department of Consumer and Worker Protection (“DCWP”) published a Workers’ Bill of Rights, which was developed in collaboration with the Mayor’s Office of Immigrant Affairs, the New York City Commission on Human Rights, and community and labor organizations in accordance with Local Law 161.  By July 1, 2024, all New York City employers are required to post prominently in the workplace the “Know Your Rights At Work” poster, which contains a scannable QR code linked to the DCWP website containing the Workers’ Bill of Rights.  Employers are also required to distribute a copy to each employee, and to provide every new hire with a copy on or before their first day of work.  Employers must also post it on their intranet or mobile app if they offer one for employees to use. 

Governor Hochul vetoed a bill passed by the New York State legislature that would have effectively banned all non-compete agreements.  In her December 26, 2023 veto message, Governor Hochul cited New York’s “highly competitive economic climate” and the “legitimate interests” of companies to “retain highly compensated talent,” while stating that she has “long supported limits on non-compete agreements for middle-class and low-wage workers.” The Governor observed as well that she had “proposed banning non-compete agreements for anyone making below the median wage in New York” in her first Executive Budget. Governor Hochul stated that she remains open to “future legislation that achieves the right balance.”

New York State has enacted several new laws with significant implications for employers.  These include (1) restricting employers’ ability to request the social media credentials of applicants and employees, (2) requiring employers to provide notice of unemployment insurance eligibility upon an employee’s separation from employment, (3) limiting an employer’s ability to require employees to assign invention rights, (4) criminalizing wage theft as a form of larceny and (5) limitations on so-called employer captive audience speeches.  Each of these laws is summarized below. 

On August 30, the U.S. Department of the Treasury (“Treasury”) published in the Federal Register proposed regulations addressing the prevailing wage and apprenticeship (“PWA”) requirements under Sections 45(b)(7) and (8) of the Inflation Reduction Act (“IRA”).  These proposed regulations incorporate and supplement the limited guidance issued previously, which includes Notice 2022-61, published by the Treasury in November 2022, as well as the Frequently Asked Questions (“FAQ”) on the Department of Labor’s IRA website.  The proposed regulations shed light on various issues of significance to taxpayers seeking the enhanced tax credits provided by the IRA, as well as other stakeholders. 

Local Law 144, New York City’s law governing the use of automated employment decision tools (“AEDTs”), became effective on July 5th, approximately six months after its original effective date and following several rounds of hearings on its proposed and Final Rule.  Just days prior, the New York City Department of Consumer and Worker Protection (“DCWP”) released a set of Frequently Asked Questions (“FAQs”) to provide guidance for covered employers regarding some of the many open questions that have been raised throughout the months since its regulations were first issued.  While the FAQs provide some clarity, many questions remain.

On June 20, 2023, the New York State Assembly passed a sweeping bill that, if signed into law by Governor Hochul, will effectively ban future non-compete agreements.  If enacted, New York would join California, North Dakota, Oklahoma, and Minnesota in implementing a complete prohibition on non-compete agreements.  As of this writing, the bill has not yet been delivered to the Governor.

On June 21, 2023, the New York State Department of Labor (“NYSDOL”) issued updated regulations to the New York State Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act (“NYS WARN Act”), which requires employers with 50 or more employees to provide 90 days’ notice of mass layoffs, plant closings and other specified employment losses.  According to the NSYDOL website, these new regulations are intended to “address the post-pandemic employment climate” and “simplif[y] language to ensure businesses better understand their obligations.”  The changes include, among other things:

On May 22, 2023, the Department of Consumer and Worker Protection (“DCWP”) held a roundtable on Local Law 144, New York City’s law regulating the use of Automated Employment Decision Tools (“AEDT”), which will go into effect on July 5.  The roundtable followed the “Final Rule” for the New York AEDT law and clarified several open questions that the Final Rule had left unanswered, including the applicability of the law, the scope of data requirements for the bias audit, and the notice requirement.

On Friday, April 28, 2023, the Fifth Circuit in Rest. Law Center v. United States Department of Labor, No. 22-50145, 2023 WL 3139900 (5th Cir. Apr. 28, 2023), reversed a decision from the Northern District of Texas (the “District Court”) that refused to enjoin the Department of Labor’s tip credit regulations amendment in effect since December 28, 2021. The amendment requires employers to pay tipped employees the full minimum wage for nontipped work directly supporting tipped work if it: 1) amounts to more than 20% of the employee’s total weekly time paid at the tipped minimum wage rate, or 2) exceeds 30 continuous minutes. The Fifth Circuit concluded in a 2-1 panel decision that the plaintiffs demonstrated that the ongoing management costs imposed on employers by the new “continuous 30-minute rule” in the form of additional timekeeping requirements results in irreparable harm.

On February 7, 2023, the New York State Department of Labor (“NYSDOL") published Enforcement Guidance providing information regarding the scope of the amendment to the New York State Labor Law provision that governs prevailing wage requirements for projects relating to certain renewable energy systems and NYSDOL’s enforcement power.  

New York State’s Warehouse Worker Protection Act (“WWPA”), which was originally signed into law on December 21, 2022, and subsequently amended on March 3, 2023, institutes new requirements governing the use of any quotas to which nonexempt workers at warehouse distribution centers may be subject. The amended version of the WWPA takes effect on June 19, 2023.

Today, the New York City Department of Consumer and Worker Protection (“DCWP”) announced the “Final Rule” for the New York AEDT law (Local Law 144), and stated that the enforcement date is moved back from April 15, 2023, to July 5, 2023.

The Manhattan District Attorney (“D. A.”), Alvin Bragg, recently announced in a press release dated February 16, 2023 (the “Press Release”) the creation of a new “Worker Protection Unit” (the “Unit”) to investigate and prosecute wage and hour violations and other violations of labor laws.  Prior to the creation of this Unit, the D.A.’s Office has prosecuted wage and hour violations primarily in the construction and real estate industries through the Construction Fraud Task Force.  According to the Press Release, the Unit will allow this Office to “significantly expand its focus to include other industries with high rates of worker exploitation and wage theft, such as home healthcare agencies, fast food and restaurants, and more.”  According to the Press Release, another focus of the Unit is to investigate and prosecute workplace safety laws.  The Unit will also partner with other units within the D.A.’s Office to encourage vulnerable and under-served populations to report wage and hour violations. 

On December 30, 2022, New York Governor signed into law Labor Law Section 240-i, establishing a registration system for contractors and subcontractors engaged in public work and covered private projects in New York. This law will require contractors to register with the New York State Department of Labor (the “Department of Labor”) every two years, by submitting various disclosures about their businesses, in order to ensure that contractors do not have previous labor law violations, and will abide by New York labor laws and regulations, including prevailing wage requirements. The Department of Labor will establish and maintain a public on-line system where registrations and disclosures are available.