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Inexact IDIQ Exercise = Constructive Change

Client Alert | less than 1 min read | 06.04.09

In General Dynamics C4 Sys., Inc. (May 8, 2009), the Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals converted timely delivery order exercises by the Navy into constructive changes because they were sent by e-mail, when the contract specified that electronic delivery was only authorized if specified in the schedule and it was not. Analogizing to option exercises, the board instructed that an IDIQ order must be issued fully in accord with the contract or it is ineffective.

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Client Alert | 8 min read | 12.10.25

Creativity You Can Use: CJEU Clarifies Copyright for Applied Art

On 4 December 2025, the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) issued a landmark judgment in the joined cases C-580/23 (Mio v. Asplund) and C-795/23 (USM v. Konektra) concerning copyright protection for “works of applied art” (i.e., utilitarian objects such as tables, furniture, lighting fixtures, sofas, chairs, kitchen appliances, vases, and fashion items)....