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Properly Construed Claim May Not Cover All Embodiments

Client Alert | 1 min read | 04.23.07

In Intamin Ltd. V. Magnetar Technologies, Corp. (No. 05-1546, 1579, April 18, 2007), a Federal Circuit panel vacates part of a district court’s claim construction involving a magnetic braking system for amusement park rides and remands on the issue of non-infringement. On appeal, the parties dispute the district court’s construction of two limitations of the independent claim.

The first limitation involves “an intermediary disposed between adjacent pairs of said plurality of magnets” forming a portion of the brake assembly. The district court construed the term “intermediary” without determining the meaning of “adjacent magnets with alternating polarities”, leaving a question of whether the intermediary can be another magnet, and whether the accused brakes infringe. The panel looks at the understandable meaning of the term and the context of the patent, and finds that “intermediary” can include magnetic substances, but only if “alternating polarity” requires magnets of opposite polarity, a matter to be determined on remand.

The second limitation regards “said at least one conductive rail being adapted to extend the length of the fixed device part”, questioning if “length” refers to the full length of the fixed part, as construed by the district court, or to the orientation of the conductive rail. The specification uses “length” consistently with its meaning as a distance rather than a direction, says the panel. The proper claim construction may result in the claim not covering an embodiment described in the specification, but the patentee may draft different claims to cover different embodiments. The district court was thus correct in recognizing that “length” is not used to refer to direction or orientation.

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Client Alert | 3 min read | 06.12.26

DOJ Guidance Backs Away From Disparate Impact Liability

On June 9, 2026, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) issued a formal opinion concluding that the Equal Opportunity Employment Commission’s (EEOC) existing interpretations of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII) disparate-impact liability, including the Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures (UGESP), are unconstitutional. According to the opinion, EEOC’s prior interpretations contemplate liability based on disproportionately adverse effects alone, without regard to an employer’s likely intent, rather than treating disparate impact as an evidentiary mechanism to “smoke out” intentional discrimination. DOJ found that this approach functions as a “qualified racial-proportionality mandate” that places “a racial thumb on the scales, often requiring employers to evaluate the racial outcomes of their policies, and to make decisions based on (because of) those racial outcomes.” The opinion fulfills one mandate of Executive Order 14281, which rejected disparate-impact liability insofar as it “creates a near insurmountable presumption that unlawful discrimination exists wherever there are any differences in outcomes among different [demographic groups].”...