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Lenders Beware: Division in Delaware

Client Alert | 1 min read | 09.26.18

Recent amendments to the Delaware Limited Liability Company Act (DLLCA) should prompt lenders to take a closer look at their credit agreements and indentures and consider whether updates to those agreements are necessary. Effective August 1, 2018, a Delaware limited liability company (LLC) may divide itself into two or more LLCs and allocate the assets and liabilities of the dividing LLC among itself and/or the newly formed LLCs. This should be of concern to lenders because an allocation of assets by division may not violate the transfer and merger covenants in their loan agreements.

In this client alert, Gregory G. Plotko and Kevin Rubinstein examine the amendments to DLLCA and the safety measures lenders can implement to address this new type of division.

Click here to read the client alert. 

Insights

Client Alert | 5 min read | 12.12.25

Eleventh Circuit Hears Argument on False Claims Act Qui Tam Constitutionality

On the morning of December 12, 2025, the Eleventh Circuit heard argument in United States ex rel. Zafirov v. Florida Medical Associates, LLC, et al., No. 24-13581 (11th Cir. 2025). This case concerns the constitutionality of the False Claims Act (FCA) qui tam provisions and a groundbreaking September 2024 opinion in which the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida held that the FCA’s qui tam provisions were unconstitutional under Article II. See United States ex rel. Zafirov v. Fla. Med. Assocs., LLC, 751 F. Supp. 3d 1293 (M.D. Fla. 2024). That decision, penned by District Judge Kathryn Kimball Mizelle, was the first success story for a legal theory that has been gaining steam ever since Justices Thomas, Barrett, and Kavanaugh indicated they would be willing to consider arguments about the constitutionality of the qui tam provisions in U.S. ex rel. Polansky v. Exec. Health Res., 599 U.S. 419 (2023). In her opinion, Judge Mizelle held (1) qui tam relators are officers of the U.S. who must be appointed under the Appointments Clause; and (2) historical practice treating qui tam and similar relators as less than “officers” for constitutional purposes was not enough to save the qui tam provisions from the fundamental Article II infirmity the court identified. That ruling was appealed and, after full briefing, including by the government and a bevy of amici, the litigants stepped up to the plate this morning for oral argument....