FTA Softens Blow of Stricter Buy America Requirements for Rolling Stock
Client Alert | 1 min read | 04.12.16
On April 6, 2016, the Federal Transit Administration proposed a policy statement and a public interest waiver, both clarifying that the increased U.S. content percentages mandated by the FAST Act will not apply to contracts entered into before the act’s October 1, 2015, effective date and waiving application of the higher percentages to any other contracts resulting from solicitations advertised prior to December 4, 2015 (the date the law was enacted). The FAST Act itself provided some relief from the increased percentages by requiring the FTA, when denying non-availability waivers, to certify to the identity of domestic suppliers of the iron, steel, or manufactured good at issue and by allowing inclusion of domestically sourced iron or steel used in foreign manufactured car shells or rolling stock frames to be included in the calculation of the domestic cost percentage.
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Client Alert | 2 min read | 11.14.25
Claim construction is a key stage of most patent litigations, where the court must decide the meaning of any disputed terms in the patent claims. Generally, claim terms are given their plain and ordinary meaning except under two circumstances: (1) when the patentee acts as its own lexicographer and sets out a definition for the term; and (2) when the patentee disavows the full scope of the term either in the specification or during prosecution. Thorner v. Sony Comput. Ent. Am. LLC, 669 F.3d 1362, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2012). The Federal Circuit’s recent decision in Aortic Innovations LLC v. Edwards Lifesciences Corp. highlights that patentees can act as their own lexicographers through consistent, interchangeable usage of terms across the specification, effectively defining terms by implication.
Client Alert | 6 min read | 11.14.25
Microplastics Update: Regulatory and Litigation Developments in 2025
Client Alert | 6 min read | 11.13.25
