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European Commission to Launch a Market Sector Inquiry Into E-Commerce

Client Alert | 2 min read | 04.27.15

The European Commissioner, Margrethe Vestager, has announced that it intends to launch a sector inquiry on e-commerce in May this year. The "Digital Single Market" is one of the top priorities of the Juncker's Commission and, hence, competition enforcement in the Single Digital Market is also a priority for Commissioner Vestager. As previously done for the energy, food and pharmaceutical sectors, a market inquiry is a fact-finding exercise to help the Commission identify potential areas of concern in terms of competition law enforcement. In this case, the European Commission intends to focus on potential restrictions or distortions in online commerce.

We understand that the market inquiry will focus on distribution agreements, with particular regard to pricing, but geo-blocking and any other clauses restricting online cross-border trade of consumer products will also be targeted. Any company operating in the online sphere, in any sector whatsoever, is likely to receive a questionnaire from the Commission. This includes manufacturers, merchants of goods sold on line, companies that run online platforms, as well as holders of content rights and broadcasters. Based on the results of the inquiry, the Commission will determine whether further action is required and if so, which measures to take. Therefore, we recommend that companies respond to the Commission's questionnaire within the given timeframe.


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Client Alert | 2 min read | 11.14.25

Defining Claim Terms by Implication: Lexicography Lessons from Aortic Innovations LLC v. Edwards Lifesciences Corporation

Claim construction is a key stage of most patent litigations, where the court must decide the meaning of any disputed terms in the patent claims.  Generally, claim terms are given their plain and ordinary meaning except under two circumstances: (1) when the patentee acts as its own lexicographer and sets out a definition for the term; and (2) when the patentee disavows the full scope of the term either in the specification or during prosecution.  Thorner v. Sony Comput. Ent. Am. LLC, 669 F.3d 1362, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2012).  The Federal Circuit’s recent decision in Aortic Innovations LLC v. Edwards Lifesciences Corp. highlights that patentees can act as their own lexicographers through consistent, interchangeable usage of terms across the specification, effectively defining terms by implication....